Advanced Maternal Age (AMA)
/Check out the new ACOG/SMFM Obstetric Care Consensus #11, Pregnancy at Age 35 Years or Older.
Why do we care about age in pregnancy?
Maternal age
CDC data (2020): continuing upward trend in the mean age of pregnant people in the US
19% of all pregnancies are currently in people 35 and older
Mean age of people having their first birth in 2020 was 27.1, compared to 21.4 in 1970
Pregnancies in patients that are older are associated with higher risks, even if they come into the pregnancy as healthy individuals
Definition
Advanced maternal age: women who are 35 years or older at estimated date of delivery.
Why 35?
Selected based on evidence of declining fertility and concern surrounding increased risk for genetic abnormalities in babies born to those who are over the age of 35
This has been a historical figure that we have used – this threshold is pretty arbitrary
Some risks associated with older age may not influence outcomes until even later in life (ie. 40 and older)
The risk is on a continuum - there is no jump in risk just because someone hits 35
More recent studies will stratify risk by age group, so for example, will divide out patients by age in 5 year increments (ie. 35-39, 40-44, etc).
Risks of AMA Status
Pregnancy risks
Compared to those of younger age, patients who are >35 at time of delivery are at higher risk of
Gestational diabetes,
Preeclampsia,
Labor dystocia, and
Cesarean delivery
Fetal/neonatal risks
Increased risk of preterm delivery
Increased risk of NICU admission, low birth weight
These risks are on a continuum, with risks increasing progressively with advanced age, particularly in those older than 40 at the time of delivery
When looking at cohort studies, women 45-54 were at the highest risk of overall complications
Chronic medical disorders
More prevalent in individuals >35 years of age
Include things like obesity, hypertension, diabetes - studies show that pregnant people 35 or older are 2-4x more likely to have cHTN and nearly twice as likely to have T2DM as pregnant people 25-29 years old
These are also risk factors for poor outcomes.
Considerations in pregnancy care for=patients older than age 35:
Prevention of Preeclampsia
There is increased risk of preeclampsia in pregnancy patients older than 35
In one large meta-analysis, the risk of preeclampsia progressively increased with increasing age.
However, the difference was only statistically significant in women aged 40 years and older
In USPSTF systematic review, there was reduction in risk of preeclampsia, preterm birth, small for gestational age, and perinatal mortality in individuals at increased risk of preeclampsia who took low-dose aspirin prophylaxis.
Recommendation: start low-dose aspirin (81 mg/day) ideally between 12-16 weeks of gestation, and continue daily until delivery in those at high-risk of preeclampsia
Those who are 35 or older are at moderate risk of preeclampsia, so it is reasonable for those who are 35 or older with one high risk factor or at least one additional moderate risk factor to start low-dose aspirin therapy
Other moderate risk factors:
Nulliparity
Obesity (BMI >30)
Family history of preeclampsia
Black race (as proxy for underlying racism)
Lower income
Personal history factors (ie. low birth weight, previous adverse pregnancy outcome)
IVF
High risk factors
History of preeclampsia
Multifetal gestation
Chronic hypertension
Pregestational diabetes,
Chronic kidney disease
Autoimmune disease
Genetic Screening
Over time, there is decrease in oocyte and oocyte quality
Decline accelerates in 4th decade of life likely due to myriad of hormonal changes regulating the ovaries
Individual’s fertility will decline with increasing age
Frequency of aneuploidy will increase with age
However, not all aneuploidies or genetic abnormalities increase with age:
Sex chromosome trisomies and other trisomies increase with age
However, sex chromosome monosomies and copy number variants seem to be independent of maternal age at pregnancy
Pregnant individuals should be aware of these risks and therefore, clinicians should be ready to discuss prenatal genetic testing (both screening and diagnostic)
There is conflicting data about increased risk of major congenital anomaly affecting the fetus in patients who are 35 years of age or older.
However, a detailed fetal anatomic survey should be done.
Growth abnormalities
Both large for gestational age and small for gestational age occurs in neonates at higher frequencies as maternal age increases.
Most of this data is for patients who are age 40 or above
Insufficient evidence to recommend ultrasound for growth assessment in third trimester for individuals 35-39 years of age in absence of other risk factors
But given the data for individuals age 40 and above, SMFM and ACOG recommend a growth ultrasound in the third trimester
However, there is no data to guide timing or frequency of ultrasound assessments in individuals 40 or older
Prevention of stillbirth
We know there is increased risk of stillbirth with advancing age in pregnancy:
In 2013, the stillbirth rate in the US was 6.0/1000 pregnancies that extended beyond 20 weeks of gestation
For women 40-44: 10.1/1000 births
For women >45: 13.8 /1000 births
Risk of stillbirth at 37-41 weeks was 1/382 pregnancies for those 35-39, 1/267 in women 40 and older
However, the benefit of antenatal fetal surveillance to reduce the risk of stillbirth in this population remains unknown.
ACOG and SMFM have established guidance that suggests surveillance for conditions where stillbirth occurs more frequently than 0.8/1000
Therefore, for those who will be 40 or older at time of delivery, antenatal surveillance is reasonable.
Reasonable to initiate some time between 32- 36 weeks of gestation
Insufficient evidence for those 35-39 years of age
Regarding delivery
Rate of stillbirth at 39 weeks in women 40 or older is nearly the same as rate of stillbirth of women aged 25-29 who are beyond 41 weeks gestation
Therefore, delivery in well-dated pregnancies at 39 weeks of gestation or later for individuals 40 or older should be considered
Evidence for elevated stillbirth risk in individuals aged 35-39 is not sufficient to support a clear recommendation regarding timing of delivery beyond routine practice
Health equity
There is currently inequity in terms of maternal mortality and perinatal outcomes in patients who identify as non-Hispanic Black, as well as those that identify as American Indian and Alaskan Native
Maternal mortality
CDC Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data shows that maternal mortality trends determined a pregnancy related mortality ratio of 3.2 for non-Hispanic Black women compared to non-Hispanic White women
Ratio increased to 4.9 for non-Hospanic Black women between ages 35-39
3.6 for women aged 40 years and older
Fetal outcomes
Preterm birth, SGA, stillbirth occur more frequently in some racial and ethnic groups that are disproportionately affected by social and structural barriers to care
Infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black and American Indian/Alaska Native infants are 10.7/1000 live births and 7.9/1000 live births respectively
This is double the rate of non-Hispanic white infants
It is unclear the best strategy to overcome these inequities, but:
Ob/Gyns and other professionals should consider systems-based and individual strategies to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in care and outcomes
Systems: internal assessment of barriers and facilitators to providing equitable care, implementing unconscious bias and communication training, advocating for patient input in decision making